Standard Operating Procedure

How to make a Peanut Butter and Jelly Sandwich

Date Created: March 26, 2012

Created By: Brandon Alvarado, Sarah Richardson, Yvonne Rodriguez, Ellen Schneider, Elbert

Overview: This procedure details how to make a peanut butter and jelly sandwich step by step.

Supplies: 

Crunchy or Smooth Peanut Butter

Your choice of Jelly (Raspberry, Blackberry, Blueberry, Mixed Berries)

Your choice of Wheat of White Bread

Equipment:

Plate

Knife

Spoon

Procedure:

1. Pull out two slices of bread out of the bag of your choice and place them on your plate.
2. Dip the knife in the peanut butter and spread on one side of one slice of bread. 
3. Dip the spoon in your choice of jelly and spread on one side of the other slice of bread.
4. Place one piece of bread on top of the other, so that the peanut butter and jelly touch.
5. Use the Knife to cut the sandwich in half or in quarters.
6. Wash the utensils used.
7. Enjoy your sandwich.

Quality Control: To make sure your peanut butter and jelly sandwich was made correctly check for two things:

No peanut butter or jelly is on the outside of the bread

It tastes GOOD.

The Phlogiston Theory

The Phlogiston Theory


The Phlogiston Theory was proposed in 1667 by Johann Joachim Becher. He offered the idea of the existence of a 5th fire-like element called phlogiston. He said that it was contained within combustible bodies and released during combustion. The theory was an attempt to explain the processes of combustion and rusting of metals. The theory was ultimately challenged by the discovery that some metals such as magnesium gained weight when burned when they should have lost weight due to the loss of phlogiston. In defense some scientists claimed that phlogiston had negative weight. Louis-Bernard Guyton de Morveau said that the element was lighter than air. In 1753 Mikhail Lomonsov concluded the theory was false.

Deductive vs. Inductive Reasoning

Deductive vs. Inductive Reasoning


Deductive and inductive reasoning are two different methods used to come to a conclusion based on given information. Deductive reasoning comes to a specific conclusion based on generalizations. Inductive reasoning uses events and makes generalizations. Deductive reasoning starts with simple statements and builds up to more complex ones. Inductive reasoning is basically the opposite in that it uses specific instances to create general statements. 


An example of using deductive and inductive reasoning is as follows:

Deductive
Flowers need sunlight to survive. A rose is a flower. Therefore, a rose needs sunlight to survive.


Inductive
Johnny plays basketball and is a boy. Tom plays soccer and is a boy. Tyler plays football and is a boy. Therefore, boys play or like to play sports.

Hallucigenia

Hallucigenia

Fossil of Hallucigenia

Animated Recreation of Hallucigenia

Fossils of a creature later named Hallucigenia were discovered in the Burgess Shale. An interesting fact is that the creature was first recreated upside down in 1977. The first fossils found were difficult to reconstruct due to a limited impression of the head and only a half set of tentacles. From later fossils it was deduced that Hallucigenia walked along the ocean floor using paired tentacles with a claw like structure on the ends. There were two rows of spiked on its back that protected it from predators.